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ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2005 | Volume
: 59
| Issue : 5 | Page : 195-199 |
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Domestic violence in pregnancy in North Indian women
Anju Huria Khosla, Deepti Dua, Lajya Devi, Shyam Sunder Sud
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32-B, Chandigarh, India
Correspondence Address:
Anju Huria Khosla
House No. 1114, Sector 32 - B, Chandigarh - 160 030
India
  | 13 |
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5359.16255 PMID: 15985727
Background: Domestic violence against pregnant women in the Indian context, violence against women is frequently by family members other than the spouse/intimate partner/husband. Aims : To study the incidence of domestic violence in pregnant North Indian women and the demographic features which put women at high risk for domestic violence. Study design : A prospective study at the Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh from January 2004 to December 2004. Participants: Nine hundred and ninety-one pregnant women admitted to the pregnant women admitted to the antenatal ward were interviewed. Statistical Analysis: Test of significance used was Chi-square test. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Results: The incidence of domestic violence in this study was 28.4%. The violence was more when the husband was educated up to Class 10 level or lower (OR 2.07 (95%) CI 1.54 to 2.79), was habituated to alcohol (OR 2.31 (95%) CI 1 - 71 to 3.11) or to chewing tobacco (OR 2.77 (95%) CI 1.46 to 3.27) or to smoking cigarettes (OR 2.23 (95%) CI 1.59 to 3.11). The incidence of domestic violence was drastically high in women who were socially unsupported (OR 98.9 (95%) CI 43.65 to 235.68). The level of education and employment of the woman had no effect on the incidence of the abuse. The perpetrator of the abuse was the intimate partner (husband) in 48.2%, the husband's mother in 61.3%, and the husband's sister in 22.6%. Most often the abuse was by more than one person. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of abuse was more when the male partner was less educated or in the habit of taking alcohol, opium or tobacco and in socially unsupported women. The level of education and employment of the woman had no effect on the incidence of abuse
Keywords: Domestic violence, Pregnant women
How to cite this article:
Khosla AH, Dua D, Devi L, Sud SS. Domestic violence in pregnancy in North Indian women. Indian J Med Sci 2005;59:195-9 |
| ¤ Introduction | |  |
Domestic violence has been defined as physical, sexual or emotional abuse by an adult perpetrator directed towards an adult victim in the context of a close relationship. The incidence of abuse during pregnancy in various countries is around 5%, whereas without pregnancy it is 25 to 30%. In most of the studies from the UK, USA, Australia and China, the husband or intimate partner was the perpetrator in almost 90% of the cases.[1],[2],[3],[4] In a study from India, moderate to severe spousal physical violence during pregnancy was 13%.[5] Most of the studies have shown spousal or intimate partner violence as the main focus of domestic violence. However, in North India we expected a different pattern, i.e. family members other than intimate partner may also be the culprit. The present study was therefore carried out to see the incidence of domestic violence (physical, sexual, emotional) and to identify the perpetrator and the demographic features which predispose a woman to domestic violence.
| ¤ Materials and Methods | | |
This was a prospective study carried out in the antenatal and labor ward of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynae, Government Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Chandigarh from January to December 2004. GMCH is a 500-bed teaching hospital with an annual intake of 50 MBBS students. The admitted pregnant women were interviewed by the medical social worker in complete privacy. Verbal consent was obtained and the interview was conducted based on a pretested questionnaire which was derived from the abuse assessment screen.[6],[7] Level of abuse was graded as (i) Abuse involving shoving, throwing objects, emotional abuse including verbal abuse and restricted access to family and friends. (ii) Any acts that included kicking, biting or sexual abuse and iii) Included choking or strangling, use of knife or a gun or a serious threat to the life of the woman or her child.
Some more details were asked regarding the perpetrator of the abuse. The study was approved by the hospital Ethics Committee. Data was analyzed for statistical significance by the Chi-square test. Social support was assessed by asking whether the pregnant woman had any place where she could go and stay for at least one month (friends, natal family) if the conditions in the house became intolerable. The emotional effect of abuse was also ascertained.
| ¤ Results | | |
Incidence of abuse: All the 991 women interviewed were married. A total of 282 (28.4%) reported abuse during current pregnancy. The level of abuse was similar in rural and urban women. The incidence of abuse variation with different demographic parameters is shown in [Table - 1]. The education level and employment status of the woman made no statistically significant difference in the incidence of abuse. Living in a nuclear or joint family also made no difference in the incidence of abuse. Abuse was more where the husband's education was below tenth class level (38.8%) versus 23.5% where education was more than Class ten. Abuse was more where the husband was habituated to alcohol, cigarette smoking or tobacco chewing. However, the biggest difference was where the woman was seen to be without social support (i.e. she had no maternal family like parents or brothers and sisters who could support her economically in time of need).
Level I abuse was seen in 247 patients where there was verbal abuse, restricted access to family and friends in 85 and restricted access to money in 69; pushing, shoving and grabbing was reported by 32 women. Throwing objects to intimidate or damage to property and pets was reported by six women. In all 270 patients had Level I abuse. Level II abuse like kicking and biting was reported by 10 women. Level III abuse was reported by two women by weapon (knife) and choking and attempt to strangulate.
The perpetrator of the abuse was husband and his mother in the majority of the cases [Table - 2]. The total number is more as abuse was by more than one person in many women.
The emotional effect of abuse was also studied. Twelve women with Level I abuse thought that this was normal and said it did not affect them much. In 62 women there was mild depression and anxiety, 133 said they felt like running away from home and frequently did go away to their family and friends but came back after some time. In 61, there was constant depression and 14 women said they had thought of suicide as their only option. The incidence of abuse was greatly increased when there was lack of social support (OR 98.9).
| ¤ Discussion | | |
In our study the incidence of domestic violence in pregnancy (28.8%) was much higher than reported from other states. It was about 13% in a study from Chennai, Delhi, Lucknow, Nagpur and Trivandrum[5] which assessed only for physical violence. Martin, from a study in Uttar Pradesh, India reported that 5.4-13% of men admitted to physical violence against their wives.[8] This may be because we interviewed the women when they were admitted to the hospital and had more time to spend with the interviewer or it may be a cultural difference. The perpetrator of the abuse was the husband in 48.2% and other members of the husband's family in 51.8%. Other factors which increased the incidence of abuse were similar to those observed in other studies i.e. low level of education in male partners, use of habituating drugs and alcohol by the partner.[1],[2],[3],[4] In our study the incidence of abuse was greatly increased when there was lack of social support (OR 98.9) as against OR of 1.8 in another study from India.[5] The incidence of abuse in employed and unemployed women was similar, which is surprising because economic independence should be a deterrent for tolerating abuse. However, the social norms in India prevent even economically independent women from standing up to abuse.
Social customs in India are such that females, right from birth, are given an inferior quality of upbringing and grow up with poor self-esteem. In India, sex determination and female feticide is a major problem leading to a female: male sex ratio of 0.7 to 0.8 at birth. With such a mindset, society condones the abuse of females.[9],[10]
This mindset of the society has to be changed and the first step is to identify the extent of the problem and make the females realize that it is wrong not to oppose this abuse. Also, it is important to realize that in Indian women abuse is more common by the husband's family rather than the husband alone. Abuse is greatly increased when social support to the woman by her own family and friends is missing i.e. either when she has no parents or when they are economically deprived and unable to support her if she was to come and stay with them. The incidence of abuse was 95.2% in females with no social support versus 16.8% when social support was present. This shows the need for setting up of an easily accessible social support system which can be an escape route for the victim of domestic violence.
| ¤ References | | |
| 1. | Bacchus L, Mezey G, Bewley S, Haworth A. Prevalence of domestic violence when midwives routinely enquire in pregnancy. BJOG 2004;3:444-5.  |
| 2. | Hillard PA. Physical abuse in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1985;66:185-90. |
| 3. | Webster J, Chandler J, Battistutta D. Pregnancy outcomes and health care use: effects of abuse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174;2:760-7. |
| 4. | Leung WC, Leung TW, Lam YYJ, Ho PC. The prevalence of domestic violence against pregnant women in a Chinese Community. Int J Obst Gynecol 1999;66:23-30. |
| 5. | Peedicayil A, Sadowshi LS, Jeyaseelan L, Shankar V, Jain D, Suresh S, et al. Spousal physical violence against women during pregnancy. BJOG 2004;3:682-7. |
| 6. | Norton LB, Peipert JF, Zierler S, Lima B, Hume L. Battering in pregnancy: an assessment of two screening methods. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:321-5. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 7. | Mc Farlane J, Parker B, Socken K, Bullock L. Assessing for abuse during pregnancy. JAMA 1992;267:3176-8. |
| 8. | Martin SL, Tsui AO, Maitra K, Marinshaw R. Domestic violence in Northern India. Am J Epidemiol 2000;150:417-26. |
| 9. | United Nation's Children's Fund. Gender Equity: towards women empowerment, the progress of Indian states. New Delhi: UNICEF; 1996. |
| 10. | National statistical office of India. Census of India 2001, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, New Delhi 2002. |
Tables
[Table - 1], [Table - 2]
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